Endogenous insulin deficiency is the tie that binds all forms of diabetes. Definitive treatment or cure of type 1 and type 2 diabetes cannot occur without a durable reversal of relative or absolute endogenous insulin deficiency. Current efforts to restore physiological insulin secretion include (1) islet or pancreas transplant; (2) exogenous cell therapies, including differentiation of bone marrow cells and embryonic stem cells (ESCs); and (3) islet regeneration from endogenous pancreatic cells.
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